Interesting topic, which normally brings LOTS of opinions. A well placed shot, such as heart or lungs, from most any caliber considered adequate will ultimately result in table fare. I think the big differences might lie in what the animal's state is when shot (already mentioned) what kind of terrain one hunts in and what amount of recoil one can easily take.
It's already been mentioned here and in similar other threads that some just don't understand why other's deer don't simply fall when shot, as theirs do. A feeding buck unaware of it's coming demise is a very different target than an alert buck sneaking away from danger, already aware something's amiss, running away, or chasing another buck or doe. They are very different targets, IMO.
That's part of the reason hunters argue so much about the ability of the .223 and .243 on deer, I think. A calm feeding deer is not a tough animal to kill. Personally, I shot way over 50 deer before ever shooting one, actually standing in a field. All previously had been in a woods scenario. A deer unaware to a hunter's presence is an easier deer to drop in place (tracks) than one whose adrenalin is already streaming.
I have found after lots of deer and lots of different calibers used on them that big bullets at medium velocities have given me the best DIT performance. The best caliber I've ever used, one that's never let any deer go out of sight, is the .35 Whelen. Yours may well be different. I've had lots of deer DIT from other calibers, but every deer I ever dropped the hammer on with the .35W, dropped in tracks, or at least in plain sight.
Again, many calibers are great killers of deer. But, only a few I've used are masters at DIT kills and there is a difference for those who might hunt thicker woods and swamps on a normal basis.