0.571" is the minimum minor internal thread diameter for a 5/8-20 Class 2A thread, with 0.582" being the maximum. But 0.571" is within half a thousandth of the middle of the range for a 5/8-18 thread of either class 1A or 2A (0.565"–0.578"), and would even fall within the range for class 3A (which I guarantee it is not). So I think the greater likelihood is that it is 5/8-18.
RJ is right about the welding. When I saw the second image in the OP, I wasn't sure those weren't just drill chatter marks at the bottom of the thread. But when you blow it up, you can see beads that splattered a little during the welding down near 6:00. Also, the spaces surrounding the welds become clear when you go close in (nice sharp photo, BTW!). Based on that and where the metal color changes and has rust traces, it looks like someone ground the T-slot flange off the bottom of an RCBS shell holder and also took off the chamfer from the bottom of the shell holding portion, welded that threaded portion on, and then ground the whole outside of it flush in a lathe. Nobody would manufacture a shell holder in quantity that way, so you seem to have a one-off or part of some shop's very small specialty run. Since 5/8-18 is a standard NFPA air cylinder rod thread, my new guess is this is an adapter for someone trying to make a pneumatic loading press and was never intended for an existing reloading press. I can see some folks getting ideas like that if they had access to a machine shop and some air cylinders lying around.